Before the foundation of academies of art in London in 1768 and Philadelphia in 1805, most individuals who were to emerge as artists trained in workshops of varying degrees of relevance. Easel painters began their careers apprenticed to carriage, house, sign or ship painters, whilst a few were placed with those who made pictures. Here, James Ayres provides an account of the inter-relationship between art and trade in the late seventeenth to early nineteenth centuries, in both Britain and North America.
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